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February 28th, 2011
12:49 PM ET
More on the criminal brain: Nature vs. nurtureWhether a criminal's nature is biologically ingrained, and perhaps even inherited, is a highly controversial notion that's now getting serious scientific attention. We had a flood of questions and comments last week about recent research on the topic, which shows that it may be possible to predict which children are likely to become criminals or psychopaths based on brain anatomy and genetics. Adrian Raine, psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania, is conducting some fascinating experiments to figure out the brain signatures of criminal behavior, and what kinds of interventions might prevent people from ever becoming offenders. I posed some of your questions, and my own, to him, after we all had more time to think critically about the issues. If there are these genetic and biological influences on crime, to what extent are factors like parenting important? More than a hundred studies have shown that about half of crime is, on some level, under genetic control. That also means that environmental factors such as parenting, abuse, poverty, discrimination and unemployment account for the other half, Raine said. So, the "nurture" part of the picture is just as important as the "nature." For the past several decades, research into criminology has focused solely on the environment story. "If we want to stop crime, if we want to be able to understand the causes and develop treatment programs to attack the causes, we really need to understand all the pieces," Raine said. What distinguishes repeat offenders from criminals in remission, who may not commit any more crimes? Research on young offenders has shown that some offenders who haven't committed a crime in four years still have the same brain functional abnormalities as repeat offenders. But this is another example of how important environment can be, Raine said. Those who don't continue committing crimes may have a loving mother or father, or a wonderful teacher who suddenly becomes a role model, or a strong romantic relationship, Raine said. "Falling in love, getting engaged, getting married, that can do a great deal to take someone off the biological path," he said. "The environment can change the brain, and even though you’ve got these risk factors, they’re not destiny," he said. "Maybe it's the balance of the risk vs. protective factors which is actually the most important thing. We haven't really done that research, and we need to." What are some possible interventions for children who have risk factors for criminal behavior? An enriching environment can go a long way in helping young children. Raine's group conducted a study with 3-year-olds in which half of the kids received a two-year program of better nutrition - including two-and-a-half extra portions of fish per week, more physical exercise every day, and educational activities. Then, the study authors followed up with the kids for 20 years. At age 11, the kids who had been randomly assigned to the enrichment program from ages 3 to 5 showed greater attention and signs of having more mature brains. At age 23, researchers found a 36% reduction in criminal offending in the kids who had done the early enrichment. "It's never too early, and it's never too late," he said. "We can tackle and change these biological risk factors for crime and violence." There have been more than 45 randomized, controlled experimental trials on using medications with aggressive children, and generally they seem to work - some better than others, Raine said. It appears that certain antipsychotics, antidepressants and anticonvulsants can help, but many parents don't want to put their kids on these kinds of treatments. That's why Raine's group is looking at omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, as a means of boosting brain power and combating antisocial behavior and aggression in children. Omega-3 has been shown to reduce serious offending among prisoners in two experiments, one in England and one in the Netherlands. Your research has shown that abnormal fear responses in children may foreshadow later psychopathy or criminal behavior. But what about iconoclasts, people who have distinguished themselves by not being afraid to challenge norms and expectations? These people who put forward great ideas that go against the grain are courageous, but that doesn't mean to say that they don't feel worried or anxious about what the backlash could be. They have a firm belief that something is right, and feel it's their duty to put it forward. Emotion informs decision-making, and people who lack emotions are psychopathic and make bad decisions. "A certain degree of anticipatory fear is actually good. It's when you lack that that you make awful life decisions, bad decisions, take awful risks and end up in prison," Raine said. Do psychopaths know the difference between right and wrong? They know right from wrong, Raine said, but they lack the feeling for what is wrong. When confronted with moral dilemmas, most people get worried, and those emotions helps inform the judgment. An experiment looking at brain activity during ethical conundrums found that the amygdala, a brain region critical to fear response and emotion, is not as active when psychopaths are thinking about moral dilemmas, compared with non-psychopaths. Interestingly, psychopaths' answers to those questions don't differ from other people's; it's just that their brains aren't showing the same emotional response. "The law is predicated on the cognitive component of 'do you know right from wrong?' That was fine 800 years ago, as a rule to guide us in punishment, and innocence-guilt," he said. "But now I think we have to ask, do people have the emotional ability to make the right moral decision? That's the question I'm raising for the judicial system and the legal system." soundoff (966 Responses)« Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Next »Leave a Reply to Kayswell
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Get a behind-the-scenes look at the latest stories from CNN Chief Medical Correspondent, Dr. Sanjay Gupta, Senior Medical Correspondent Elizabeth Cohen and the CNN Medical Unit producers. They'll share news and views on health and medical trends - info that will help you take better care of yourself and the people you love.
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discuss HN: How can you solve the chicken and egg problem ( online dating sites )I read this, 8. a new relationship. Current dating http://www.pof.com sites are not the final word. Better ones looks. But anyone who would like to start a dating startup has to answer two questions: and also the usual question about how you going to approach dating differently, You have to answer the even more real question of how to overcome the huge chicken and egg problem every dating site faces. A site like Reddit is crazy when there are only 20 users. But nobody wants to use a dating site with only 20 users which of course becomes a self perpetuating problem. So if for you to do a dating startup, Don concentrate on the novel take on dating that you going to offer. That the simple half. It is the women you have got to somehow get to show up. This seems to also be the case for dating. as an example, Women over a certain age do very poorly in most online dating sites. people are people, Whether within the net or off. A critical, Almost crippling problem that many dating sites have is that a whole lot of the listings are, In regardless, Not in good confidence: scammers, liars, reproductions, people who are fantasizing about leaving their spouses but will never get up the nerve to do more than waste other people time, therefore on. So upper body and finally as a participant on one of those sites, And receive a list of contacts, And start vetting them for truthfulness. It would help a lot if you possibly can take a "Boots on the floor" achieve. Someone who can factor genetics into their relationship choices are going to be better positioned to create positive relationship outcomes for themselves then someone who is unable to factor genetics in. So in this way a business based on genetic compatibility matching he giving people a "Sixth good, A kind of superpower to increase their happiness in the world.
Its not true that i wouldnt want to use a dating site with only 20 users, If those twenty users counseled me relevant. Im part in 3 highly curated, High end company "areas, At any given time, many only feature 3 4 active open projects. But every one of them is really desirable. I visit them frequently. it needs quality. the actual issue in dating is that for the general population, Quality is pretty much average (By personification) And we all want to do much average. Id say that in a relationship, Youd do a lot better if you ran an actual curated list and then charge lots of cash. Finding interesting people is why dating difficult. Not how to find people per se. if you are socially awkward, You can just step outside and find people. They abound. verification for quality (Or really just relevance) could bottleneck. a lot of dont even know what theyd find attractive. They cant verbalize is, And whenever they can, Its often a lie that it, or go with the media, Convinced yourself of. Solve those struggles. a great "current market" For dating is growing rapidly a club, Or more in most instances, actuality. Thats the perfect example of something where technology makes the task harder rather than easier. If to finally "Solve escort, one does the opposite of a marketplace. Funnel decision leads. And start with some nonobvious people. Its readily available hot young women. It is probably easy to approach them or whatever, Because their communities, But its simple to find them. fabric such as an obscure set of potential couples, which include: "Guys who like obese females and obese women, those people exist. They are socially marginalized for various reasons and they are in all probability both at least somewhat desperate. Find leads individuals guys. what i'm saying is, You ought to be solving the obesity issue here, But if for you to do dating, do the dating first. Once youve "conquered that market, Try to figure out how to extrapolate your processes to bigger sets of groups of users.
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